Is artificial intelligence a powerful tool for benefiting mankind or the ultimate demon that ruins the world?

The English word for robot is "Robot", which was first created by Czech writer Karel Cappek in his science fiction works. The original meaning is "a serf-like forced laborer." On August 21, 2017, 116 founders and CEOs of the AI ​​company wrote an open letter to the United Nations, hoping to ban "killer robots (i.e., automated weapons, such as drones, unmanned combat vehicles, and sentries. The research and development and use of robots, unmanned warships, etc. They believe that these robots have the possibility of becoming terror weapons. It is possible for dictators and terrorists to use these weapons against innocent people, or in other undesirable ways.

However, on October 15, 2017, the British government pointed out in the report "Developing Artificial Intelligence in the UK" that artificial intelligence has great potential to improve education and health care and improve productivity. The report opens up data, technology, research and policies. In terms of investment, 18 suggestions were put forward for the development of artificial intelligence, intending to make the UK a world leader in artificial intelligence. Britain is not the only country that attaches importance to the war of artificial intelligence. All countries are enthusiastically embracing this technology, and every technological invention is full of controversy. History tells us that technological progress has indeed made human life more free.

How should we evaluate the good and evil of artificial intelligence? What attitude should we treat the development of artificial intelligence?

Academic debate on the moral judgment of artificial intelligence The moral judgment of artificial intelligence needs to be distinguished from two issues: first, the moral evaluation of artificial intelligence itself; second, the good and evil evaluation of the consequences of artificial intelligence research and development and application. The key issues of moral judgment on artificial intelligence have not been solved, that is, the issue of evaluation of good and evil in artificial intelligence itself has not been distinguished from the evaluation of good and evil in the consequences brought about by the research and development and application of artificial intelligence. The key to solving the latter problem lies in humans themselves. However, in order to solve the previous problem, we cannot judge it based on the existing ethical and moral framework, but should conduct critical reflection on traditional scientific and technological ethics.

[1] At present, the evaluation of good and evil about artificial intelligence can be said to be one after another, and there is no consensus.

Overall, there are three main positions and views in the academic community:

The first optimist position.

Experts and scholars who hold this position believe that artificial intelligence is just a means and tool, and it does not matter "good and evil" and "good and bad". The key lies in the human beings who use it and are optimistic about the future development prospects of artificial intelligence. Overall, the research and development and widespread application of artificial intelligence are more beneficial than disadvantages to human development and can produce huge economic and social benefits.

Generally speaking, optimist stances are mostly insisted by some people in the artificial intelligence industry who are related to the research and development and application of artificial intelligence, or for their own interests, or for scientists who blindly worship science and technology. The flaws are that One-sided and isolated view of the positive aspects of artificial intelligence, such as being able to generate huge economic and social benefits, reconstruct almost all industries including finance, medical care, education, transportation, etc., thereby promoting the overall change of human lifestyle. They intentionally or unintentionally ignore or cover up the negative effects of artificial intelligence, such as the birth of murderous robots will pose a security threat to humans and the excessive reliance on artificial intelligence civilization may cause the degeneration of human civilization, etc.

The second neutralism position.

Experts and scholars who hold this position acknowledge that there is the possibility of "doing evil" in artificial intelligence itself. Its research and development and application pose a potential threat to humans and may bring serious consequences, but based on some reasons, it still strongly supports the development of artificial intelligence technology.

The third pessimistic stance.

Experts and scholars who hold this position believe that artificial intelligence is no longer a tool, it has the ability to live consciousness and learn, and has two moral possibilities for "doing evil": one is that the powerful power of artificial intelligence may trigger "human beings do evil." ”, Another is that artificial intelligence itself has the ability to "do evil", and humans cannot cope with the "do evil" of artificial intelligence, which will eventually lead humans to nothingness and destruction. Therefore, they expressed concerns that artificial intelligence may be out of control or endanger humanity in the future. In early 2015, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates, Elon Max and others signed an open letter calling for control of artificial intelligence development. Max believes that artificial intelligence will "summon demons" and pose a greater threat to humans than nuclear weapons. Hawking clearly asserted that thorough development of artificial intelligence may lead to the demise of human beings. Those who hold pessimistic stance believe that technology is not the way to liberation of mankind, it is “not liberated from nature by controlling nature, but the destruction of nature and man itself, and the process of continuous murder of creatures will eventually lead to overall destruction. ”.

Summarize:

Scientific and technological ethics is a set of norms and certain restrictions for people's scientific and technological behavior in order to avoid or reduce the "negative" effects brought to themselves by the abuse of technology, so as to limit their development. This view is simply and roughly starting from the established ethical and moral standpoint, morally judges the "right and wrong and good and evil" of scientific and technological behavior, and makes normative appeals or instructions to science and technology, without reflecting on and correcting the ethical and moral system itself and development.

In fact, many major issues in the development of science and technology are "no longer able to provide some valuable answers by the traditional ethical framework, but need to be critically reflected on traditional ethical concepts and their premises" to be made. Valid answer. Specifically speaking of the moral judgment of artificial intelligence, we need to critically reflect on "whether artificial intelligence is a true personality entity and a moral entity" instead of being entangled in some details, otherwise we will grasp the substantial problem. Its fundamental solution is of no help.

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[1] Wang Yinchun, Moral judgment and ethical suggestions of artificial intelligence. Journal of Nanjing Normal University (Social Science Edition), 2018(04): Pages 29-36.

Professor Wang Guoyu of Fudan University has been engaged in research on basic theories and applied countermeasures of high-tech ethics issues for a long time. She is the chief expert of "Research on High-tech Ethics Issues" of the major project of the National Social Science Foundation. She advocated that on the one hand, the research on ethics and morality in science and technology should start from the realistic dimension and be guided by problem awareness, and pointed out the obscurity of modern technology on the traditional view of life. On the other hand, starting from the path of technical ethics, we emphasize that technology contains value. We must clarify concepts from the source, formulate norms, and then move from an ethical community and a scientific community to a community of action.

At the conference, the guest speaker Wang Guoyu was specially invited to give a theme report. A sub-forum on topics such as "Is there a moral boundary for artificial intelligence development?" and "The future road of intelligent driving" will jointly discuss the moral and ethical issues of artificial intelligence.

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